Реферат: Методические рекомендации по практической грамматике английского языка для студентов Iкурса неязыковых вузов

НОУ ВПО ФИЛИАЛ

«САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ИНСТИТУТА ВНЕШНЕЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СВЯЗЕЙ, ЭКОНОМИКИ И ПРАВА»

в г. Кирове

N O U N

Методические рекомендации по практической грамматике английского языка

для студентов I курса неязыковых вузов

Киров 2007

Печатается по решению кафедры обще-гуманитарных и естественнонаучных дисциплин НОУ ВПО филиал «Санкт-Петербургского института внешне-экономических связей, экономики и права» в г. Кирове.

Составители:

Поздеева Е.К ., канд. пед. наук, доцент кафедры английского языка № 2 института (филиала) МГЮА в г. Кирове,

Островский И.В ., к.ф.н., ст. преподаватель кафедры обще-гуманитарных и естественнонаучных дисциплин НОУ ВПО филиал «Санкт-Петербургского института внешнеэкономических связей, экономики и права» в г. Кирове

Рецензент – Щербакова Т.В., канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры романо-германской филологии Вятского государственного гуманитарного университета

Noun: Методические рекомендации по практической грамматике английского языка для студентов I курса неязыковых вузов / Сост. Е.К. Поздеева, И.В.Островский. – Киров, 2007. - 23 с.

Данные методические рекомендации предназначены для студентов 1 курса неязыкового вуза.

Цель пособия - повторить и систематизировать знания по теме “Существительное”, а также развить навыки употребления данных грамматических форм.

Весь материал излагается в 3 разделах, сопровождаемых тестовыми заданиями, цель которых - тренировка изучаемого грамматического явления и контроль сформированности навыков употребления.

Лучшему усвоению материала способствуют таблицы, систематизирующие представленный материал

I. T H E N U M B E R

ЧИСЛО

Most of the English nouns have two numbers: the singular and the plural.

Большинство английских существительные имеет два числа: единственное и множественное.

T H E P L U A R A L

МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО

1. Spelling rules.

Правописание .

Read the following words and remember how the plural is formed.

Прочитайте следующие слова и вспомните, как образуется

множественное число существительных.

a.

a girl - girls

a friend - friends

a flower - flowers

b.

a bus - buses

a bush - bushes

a box - boxes

a match - matches

c.

a lad y - ladies

a pon y - ponies

a lily - lilies

but:

a da y - days

a ke y - keys

a pla y - plays

d.

tomat o - tomatoes

potat o - potatoes

her o - heroes

but:

radi o – radios

Zo o – Zoos

tatto o – tattoos

but:

photo - photos

piano - pianos

zero - zeros

e.

life - lives

thief - thieves

wife - wives

but:

chief - chiefs

belief - beliefs

roof - roofs

safe - safes

2. Remember the nouns!

Запомните существительные !

3. Identical forms for the plural and for the singular.

Одинаковые формы единственного и множественного числа.

But:

hundreds of people

thousands of quesions

millions of stars

4. Latin and Greek suffixes.

Латинские и греческие суффиксы.

5. The plural of compound nouns.

Множественное число у составных существительных .

a.

In compounds we put the head noun in the plural.

В составных существительных в форму множественного числа ставится ключевое слово .

a lady-bird - lady-birds

a story-teller - story-tellers

a house-wife - house-wives

a postman - postmen

a Frenchwoman - Frenchwomen

editor- in-chief - editors-in-chief

brother-in-law - brothers-in-law

looker-on - lookers-on

b.

But: if there is no noun-stem, we add ‘-s’ to the end of the word.

Но: если нет ключевого слова, окончание ‘-s’ добавляется к последнему слову.

merry-go-round - merry-go-rounds

forget-me-not - forget-me-nots

c.

If a compound contains such words as ‘man’, ‘woman’ or ‘lord’ at the beginning we must put both stems into plural.

Если составное существительное содержит такие слова как ‘man’, ‘woman’ или ‘lord’, то обе части ставятся в форму множественного число .

a man-servant - men-servants

a woman-doctor - women-doctors

a lord-justice - lords-justices

6. Nouns which are used only in the plural.

Существительные, которые употребляются только во множественном числе.

But:

one pototo - одна картофелина

one onion - одна луковица

one carrot - одна морковка

7. Nouns which are used only in the plural and their homonyms.

Существительные, которые употребляются только во множественном числе, и их омонимы (слова, сходные по произношению и написанию, но отличные по смыслу).

8. Nouns which are only in the singular in English and in Russian.

Существительные, которые и в английском, и в русском языке имеют только форму единственного числа.

9. Nouns used in the singular in English but are the plural in Russian.

Существительные, которые в английском языке употребляются только в единственном числе, а в русском - только во множественном .

9. Nouns used in the singular in English but can be both in the singular and in the plural in Russian.

Существительные, которые в английском языке употребляются только в единственном числе, а в русском - и в единственном, и во множественном .

10. Nouns used in the singular and in the plural in English but only in the plural in Russian.

Существительные, которые в английском языке употребляются и в единственном, и во множественном числе, а в русском - только во множественном.

11. Nouns which are singular in form but plural in meaning.

Существительные, имеющие форму единственного числа, но по значению - множественное .

police

militia

people

clergy - духовенство

Eg.:

The police are controlling the order at the meeting.

12. The nouns the singular form of which can be used as the singular and the plural.

Существительные, форма единственного числа у которых может иметь значение и единственного, и множественного числа.

family

team

gang

crew

group

committee

company

Eg.:

The family is large.

(The family is taken as a single unit. Семья рассматривается как единое целое. )

The family are sitting at table.

(The members are taken separately . Семья состоит из отдельных членов. )

13. The nouns with two plural forms.

Существительные, имеющие две формы множественного числа .

a penny - пенс

pence - по отношению к количеству денег (Eg.: two pence)

pennies - по отношению к монетам (Eg.: Several pennies fell on the floor.)

T E S T S

ON NUMBER

1. Choose the correct plural form of the following nouns.

Выберите правильную форму множественного числа.

2. Choose the appropriate form of the word.

Выберите соответствующую форму слова .

1. What ___ the news?

a) is; b) are

2. The contents ___ been changed.

a) has not; b) have not; c) doesn’t have

3. We’d like three ____ pencils.

a) dozen; b) dozens; c) dozen of

4. His hair ___ dark.

a) is; b) are

5. Money ___ not everything.

a) are; b) is

6. These shoes cost three ___ dollars.

a) hundreds; b) hundred

7. Mathematics ___ an exact science.

a) is; b) are

8. In summer we eat much ___.

a) fruit; b) fruits

9. The witness gave enough ____ at the trial.

a) evidence; b) evidences

10. We caught a few___

a) fishes; b) fish

11. Schoolchildren have four ____ every year.

a) vacation: b) vacations

12. Our team ___ the best.

a) is; b) are

13. Our team ___ playing well.

a) is; b) are

14. There are ___ people in the street.

a) hundred; b) hundreds; c) hundreds of

15. The United States ____ a long history.

a) have; b) has

16. Where ____ my glasses?

a) are; b) is

17. ____ very useful for your health.

a) Carrots are; b) Carrot is

18. _____ very cheap.

a) Potatoes are; b) Potato is

19. His _____ high.

a) wages are; b) wage is

20. The gate ___ open.

a) is; b) are

21. He gave me some useful ___.

a) advice; b) advices.

22. There ____ a lot of chalk on the table.

a) is; b) are

23. The ___ of this country ____ happy.

a) people ... is; b) people ... are; c) peoples ... are

24. The storm brought a lot of ____.

a) damages; b) damage

25. The trousers ___ new.

a) is; b) are

26. I feel that the jury ___ thought that you are innocent.

a) have; b) has

27. The government _____able to pursue the policy which had been promised before the elections.

a) was not; b) were not

28. The police ___ investigating the case now.

a) is; b) are

29. The crew of the plane ____ of four people.

a) consist; b) consists

30. The government usually ____ of the prime minister and several ministers.

a) consist; b) consists

31. The average American family ___ three children.

a) has; b) have

32. The family ____ gone to bed.

a) has; b) have

33. Her clothes ___ fashionable.

a) is; b) are

34. That species of spiders ___ commonly seen in North America.

a) is; b) are

35. I think her hair ____ dyed.

a) is; b) are

36. The phenomena ___ unusual.

a) is; b) are

37. The traffic ___ very heavy in this street.

a) is; b) are

38. When the traffic-lights ___ red, don’t cross the street.

a) is; b) are

39. The grapes ___ ripe.

a) is; b) are

40. Athletics ___ an important part of the Olympic games.

a) is; b) are

II. T H E C A S E

ПАДЕЖ

English nouns denoting human beings have two cases: the common case and the Genitive case.

Английские одушевленные существительные имеют два падежа: общий и притяжательный .

T H E G E N E T I V E

ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ

1. Read the following examples and remember how the Genitive is formed.

Прочитайте следующие примеры и вспомните, как образуется притяжательный падеж .

a.

a boy’s tie

Mary’s book

hotel-keeper’s armchair

house-wife’s coat

b.

an actress’s career

a waitress’ job

c.

children’s toys

men’s hats

sheep’s wool

d.

girls’ dresses

students’ parties

but:

mothers-in-law’s words

editors-in-chief’s studies

e.

Charles’s jeans

Doris’s car

St. James’s Park

but:

the Browns’ house

f.

John and Jack’s room

2. To show the possession with things we can use ‘of’.

Чтобы показать принадлежность неодушевленному предмету, используется предлог ‘of’.

the leg of the table

the top of the box

3. Fixed phrases.

Устойчивые выражения .

the earth’s surface - поверхность земли

journey’s end -окончание путешествия

for Heaven’s sake / for God’s sake - ради бога

at one’s wit’s end - в тупике

at a stone’s throw - рукой подать

a hair’s breadth - на волоске

4. Time phrases.

Фразы , обозначающие период времени .

an hour’s journey two hours’ journey

a day’s work two days’ work

a month’s salary two months’ salary

5. With nouns expressing space and weight , with the names of countries, cities, ships and with the nouns ‘world, country, city, ship’.

С существительными, обозначающими пространство и время , с названиями стран, городов, кораблей , а также с существительными ‘world, country, city, ship’.

the river’s mouth

Moscow’s museums

world’s theatres

our country’s industry

the ship’s crew

6. With organizations.

С названиями организаций.

the government decision

the company’s success

T E S T S

ON CASE

1. Choose the correct word-combination.

Выберите правильное словосочетание.

2. Choose the correct variant.

Выберите правильный вариант.

1. The only thing she wanted was to see ____.

a) her parents’ house; b) her parents’s house; c) the house of her parents

2. No one could explain _____ at ______.

a) the girl behaviour; b) the girl’s behaviour; c) the behaviour of the girl

a) yesterday’s supper; b) yesterday’ supper; c) yesterday supper

3. ____ was disappointing. Our team lost.

a) Last Sundays’ match; b) Last Sunday match; c) Last Sunday’s match

4. The boy was looking through the ____.

a) children’s books; b) children books; c) books of children

5. After ____ we resumed our work.

a) an hour’s break; b) an hour break; c) an hour’ break

6. At that time he lives in _____.

a) his father-in-law’s flat; b) his father’s-in-law flat; c) his father-in-law’ flat

7. I don’t like ____.

a) cows’ milk; b) cows milk; c) the milk of the cows

8. He was puzzled by ____.

a) Ann and Peter’s visit; b) Ann’s and Peter’s visit

9. When Friday came he was ____.

a) at his wit’s ends; b) at his wit ends; c) at his wit’ end

10. This is _____.

a) John’s coat; b) the coat of John; c) John coat

T E S TS

ON NUMBER AND CASE

I.

1. His advice ___ always reasonable. I advise you to follow ____.

a) are, them c) is, it

b) are, it d) is, them

2. The applause _____ deafening. I can’t stand ___ any longer. Let’s go out.

a) are, them c) is, them

b) is, it d) are, it

3. The second witness’s evidence _____ more convincing. ____ made me believe that the suspect is innocent.

a) are, it c) are, they

b) is, it d) is, they

4. Look, her clothes ___ brand new. Where did she get the money to buy ____?

a) is, it c) are, them

b) are, it d) is, them

5. The Browns who lived in _____ house ____ having dinner with the Harrisons who ____ their best friends.

a) a three-storey, were, were

b) three storeys, were, were

c) a three storey’s, were, were

d) three storeys’, was, were

6. The information he gave us ____ convincing. I don’t think we should check ____.

a) is, it c) are, them

b) is, them d) are, it

7. Her pyjamas ___ made of silk. I like _____ very much.

a) is, it c) are, it

b) is, them d) are, them

8. These scissors _____ dull! I can’t cut anything with ____.

a) are, them c) is it

b) is, them d) are, it

9. When I move to London, I’ll have to find lodgings. I’m afraid ____ will be very expensive and I’ll have to pay for ____ half of my salary.

a) it, it c) they, it

b) they, them d) it, them

10. I think billiards _____ a dull game. I wonder why the youth nowadays ___ so fond of ____?

a) are, is, it c) are, are, them

b) is, are, it d) is, are, them

11. He is so depressed. The contents of the letter _____ made public. General public _____ discussing _____.

a) have been, is, them c) have been, are, them

b) has been, are, it d) has been, it, is

12. Look! Goods _____ displayed in the window. The manager says that there will be ____ sale.

a) are, two days’ c) are, a two-days

b) is, two-day’s d) is, a two-day

13. Our family _____ good at playing draughts. Draughts ____ our favourite game. We play ____ every weekend.

a) is, is, it c) are, are, them

b) are, is, it d) is, are, it

14. Stop! The traffic ____ heavy and the traffic lights ____ red. In ___ time you will cross the street.

a) is, is, two-minutes c) are, are, a two-minutes’

b) are, are, a two-minute d) is, are, two-minutes’

15. He spent ____ holiday at the ____.

a) a week, Richardsons’ c) a weeks, Richardsons

b) week’s, Richardson d) week, Richardson’s

16. She was going for ___ walk across the field to the ___ house. She was sure that he would help her because it was the duty of ___ to help poor people like her.

a) a ten-miles, governor’s-general, governor-generals

b) a ten-mile’s, governor-general’s, governors-general

c) a ten-mile, governor-general’s, governor-generals

d) ten-miles’, governor-generals’, governors-general.

17. She wished she had a little garden with ___ and ____, like that of ___.

a) lilies-of-the-valleys, forgets-me-nots, Mrs. Sand

b) lily-of the-valleys, forget-me-nots, Mrs. Sand’s

c) lilies-of-the-valley, forget-me-nots, Mrs. Sand’s

d) lilies-of-the-valleys, forgets-me-not, Mrs. Sand

18. Take your _____ and get out with ____! You got my ____ notice, didn’t you?

a) belonging, it, two weeks

b) belongings, it, a two weeks

c) belongings, them, two weeks’

d) belonging, them, two week’s

19. We want to equip our factory with___ and to install ___ in the assembly shop.

a) new machineries, them

b) a new machinery, it

c) new machineries, it

d) new machinery, it

20. Have you got all the ___ of Byron in your home library? - Yes, I have, but I haven’t read all of ___.

a) works, them c) works, it

b) work, it d) work, them

II.

1. When he was going through a narrow passage between two ___ , he heard ___. These were his neighbours, two ___ girls.

a) merrys-go-round, laugh, twenty-years old

b) merry-go-rounds, a laugh, twenty-year old

c) merry-goes-round, laughter, twenty-years old

d) merry-goes-round, a laughter, twenty-year-old

2. He pulled off his gloves and put ___ on the dressing-table. She noticed that ____ new. So was his hat.

a) it, it was

b) it, they were

c) them, it was,

d) them, they were

3. He conducted a lot of ___ , but ___ a failure.

a) researches, they were

b) research, it was

c) researches, it was

d) research, they were

4. The money ___ been spent on the construction of the Children’s Care Centre. Road works ___ being held there to build a new ___ crossing.

a) has, are, pedestrian’s

b) has, are, pedestrian

c) has, is, pedestrians

d) has, is, pedestrians’

5. The criteria ___ too vague. If there were a sharper ___ to make our choice, I would be happy.

a) is, criterion c) is, criteria

b) are, criterion d) are, criteria

6. Here ___ the pocket money my uncle has sent me today. ___ will be enough to settle all my debts.

a) are, it c) is, it

b) is, they d) are, they

7. The latest news from the Middle East countries ____ disturbing. A close-up camera showed a man running somewhere. His face was bruised and his clothes ___ torn.

a) was, was c) was, were

b) were, were d) were, was

8. The premises ___ big enough but the inspection took them a lot of ___, and they had to drive home at ___.

a) was, time, dusks

b) were, times, a dusk

c) was, times, dusk

d) were, time, dusk

9. The price for ____ has increased by ten ___ in the last quarter. Lodgings ___ very expensive nowadays.

a) an accomodation, per cent, is

b) accomodation, per cent, are

c) accommodations, per cents, is

d) accomodation, per cents, are

10. This ___ the most effective means of production and ___ can be adjusted to your business in ___ time.

a) is, it, two month’s

b) are, they, a two-months

c) is, they, two-month

d) is, it, two months’

11. Reliable ___ about everyday clothing from the past ___ hard to obtain.

a) evidences, are c) evidences, is

b) evidence, is d) evidence, are

12. ___ depths are usually much greater than ____ depths because of ___ low density.

a) snow, rain, snow

b) snow’s, rain’s, snow’s

c) snow, rain, snow’s

d) snow’s, rain’s, snow

13. The ___ was shaky and he decided to go to the second-hand ___ store.

a) leg’s table, furniture’s

b) leg of the table, furniture

c) table leg, furniture’s

d) leg’s table, furniture

14. One hundred pounds ___ a large sum for her and she decided to put her money on her ___ account.

a) was, savings c) were, savings

b) was, saving’s d) were, saving’s

15. This is ___ cloakroom, and that one is for ___.

a) ladies’, gentlemen’s

b) lady’s, gentlemen’s

c) ladies’, gentlemen

d) lady, gentlemen

16. The ___ history goes back to 1808.

a) state’s newspaper’s

b) state’s newspaper

b) state newspaper’s

c) state newspapers’

17. At its height in the early 1900s, the British Empire included over 20 ___ of the ___ land area and more than 400 ___ people.

a) percents, world, million

b) percent, world’s, millions

c) percent, world’s, million

c) percents, world’s, million

18. The official ___ is a table containing the holy days, ___, and festivals of the church.

a) Christian Church calendar, saints’ days

b) Christian’s Church calendar, saints days

c) Christian Church’s calendar, saints’ days

d) Christian’s Church’s calendar, saints’ days

19. The ____ at the ___ talks made a deep influence on everybody.

a) Minister of Foreign Trade’s speech, peace’s

b) Minister’s of Foreign Trade’ speech, peace

c) Minister of Foreign Trade’s speech, peaceful

d) Minister of Foreign Trade’s speech, peace

20. The producer presented his new ___ film. The show took ___ time.

a) two-series, three hour’s

b) two-seria, three hours

c) two-series, three hours’

d) two-series’, three hour’s